Class X History-Ch-5 'The Age of Industrialization'

Q1. What is meant by the Proto industrialisation? Discuss any four features of this period.

Ans. Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe; there was a large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. This phase is referred to as the proto industrialisation. The proto industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants controlled it and goods were produced by a vast number of producers within their family farms, not in factories.

1.     Large-scale production for the international market due to the acquisition of colonies in parts of world and expansion of world trade.

2.     Merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside, where they employed poor peasants and artisans household and supplied them money to produce goods.

3.     It also allowed them full use of their family labor resources in the houses and not in the factories. Rural people could now supplement their shrinking incomes from cultivation from small land holdings.

4.     A close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but work was done in the countryside.

Q2. Define the following:

1.     Proto – Indicating the first or early form of something

2.     Stapler – A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fiber.

3.     Fuller – A person who ‘fills’, that is, gathers-cloth by pleading

4.     Carding – The process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Q3. Why was there a boom in the production of cotton in the 19^th century?

Ans. The first symbol of the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1960, Britain was importing 2.5 Million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, this import soared to 22 Million Pounds. This increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of industrialization.

1.     A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling)

2.     They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn (better quality). Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.

3.     Now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labor, all of which had been difficult in the countryside.

4.     Invention of new technology like steam, power, machines, etc, also helped to bring boom in the production.

Q4. Why did some industrialists in the 19^th century in Europe prefer hand labor to machines?

Ans. Some industrialists in 19^th century in Europe preferred hand labor to machines because:

1.     In England, there was plenty of labor, thus wages were low. So, industrialists had no problem of labor shortage or high wage costs.

2.     They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labor and required large capital investments.

3.     In many industries like bookbinding, printing etc, the demand of labor was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season industrialists usually preferred hand labor employing workers for the season.

4.     A range of products could be produced only with hand labor. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for the mass market. But in the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.

5.     In Victorian Britain the upper class – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Hand made products came to symbolize refinement and class. They were better finished individually procured and carefully designed.

Q5. What were Trade Guilds? In what ways they were powerful in the towns of England?

Ans. Merchants could not expand production within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.

1.     These were associations of producers that trained crafts people.

2.     They maintained control over production.

3.     They regulated competition and prices.

4.     They restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

5.     Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.

6.     It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in town.

Q6. How did Industrialization affect people’s lives?

Ans. 1.     When open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetable, hay and straw, had to now look for alternate sources of income.

2.     Many had tiny plots of land, which could not provide work to all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.

3.     By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small ploys. Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.

4.     With the possibility of new jobs, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and Kin relations that are they were not sure of getting jobs.

5.     Many jobs seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in the night refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to Casual wards maintained by the Poor law authorities.

6.     Also, there was a fear of unemployment due to seasonality.

Q7. Name one inventions devised in 1764 which speeded up the spinning process. Who invented it? How did it affect the lives of the workers in general?

Ans.1.     Spinning Jenny- Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, these machines speeded up the spinning process and reduced labor demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

2.     When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines because many women became unemployed and lost their way of earning.

3.     This conflict over the introduction of the Jenny continued for a long time.

Q8. Why is the period up to 1750 A.D before the Machine Age called ‘ Age of Indian textiles’?

A8.

1.     India dominated the international market in textiles- both silk and cotton.

2.     Finer varieties of cotton often came from India while many countries produced coarser cotton.

3.     The control of land trade routes enabled American and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia (from passes and deserts)

4.     A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports likes Surat on Gujarat coast, Masulipatnam on Coromandel Coast, Hoogly in Bengal, which had a flourishing trade link with south East Asian and Gulf countries.

5.     Organized networks of Indian textile export trade activities by a variety of Indian export and supply merchants, big shippers and brokers, suppliers of raw materials and finished goods, farmers, weavers, bankers and financiers of production. The weaving villages in the inland regions were well connected by these people with the ports in this cabin.

Q9. How did the English East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

OR

How did the English East India Company successfully establish monopoly over Indian textile trade?

Ans.  1.     By establishing political power, the English East India Company could assert the monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition with the existing traders. It would also control costs and ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk goods.

2.     By fighting competition, they established direct contact with weavers through gomasthas who collected supplies, examined quality, supervised weavers, often physically punishing weavers.

3.     It prevented the weavers from dealing with other brokers and buyers through a system of advances. The loans tied the weavers to Gomasthas as they could only supply to him.

4.     As loans flowed that in and demand for fine textiles expanded weavers eagerly took the advances. Now they leased out their lands and the whole family devoted all their time to weaving.

5.     The weavers lost space to bargain for prices and were forced to accept the miserably low prices offered by the Company. In some places, they revolted and went back to agricultural labor.

Q10. How rapid was the process of Industrialisation?

Ans. 1.     The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector that is the first phase of industrialisation up to 1840’s.

2.     After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways (England-from 1840’s, colonies- 1860’s), the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873, Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about ₤ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export.

3.     The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Textiles were a dynamic sector, but a large position of the output was produced not with the factories, but outside, within domestic units. (By end of 19^th century less than 20% of the total workfare was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors)

4.     The pace of change in the ‘ traditional’ industries was not set by steam- powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many mechanised sectors such as food processing, pottery, glasswork etc.

5.     Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and people were cautious about using it. Machines of ten broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors and manufactures claimed.

Q11. What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India?

Ans: i) It ruined the cloth industry in India because the Manchester cloth was both cheap showy and durable.
ii) The weavers were forced to give up their ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to work as
labourers in urban areas.


Q12. Explain the meaning of term ‘Industrial Revolution’.

Ans: The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organization of production in the latter half of the 18th century. The Industrial Revolution in face replaced the domestic system, by the new ‘factory system’. In place of animal and manual power, new machines and steam-power were used for producing things. This revolution replaced the cottage industry by the factories, the handwork by the machine-work and the craftsmen and the artists by the capitalist and the factory-owners.



Q 13. Explain the factors responsible for the Industrial Revolution in England.
Or
Give reasons why Industrial Revolution started first of all in England.
Or
Explain those factors which were responsible for the Industrial Revolution in England.

Ans: The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later half of the 18th century as favourable conditions for such a development were present there:

1) Men like Walpole, who was a great economist, encouraged the foreign trade which brought more and more wealth to England. The British traders had thus accumulated sufficient capital that was needed to establish new factories.
2) England had plenty of natural resources like iron and coal which are essential for industries.
3) England had established many new colonies from where they could easily get cheat raw-materials and which could also serve as best markets for finished goods.
4) England had developed a large shipping industry which solved their problem of transporting things to distant lands.

Q14.  How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements? Explain with three examples.

OR

Explain four ways that helped the British to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements.

Ans. (i) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. The label served two purposes. One was to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the people. The second was that the label was also a mark of quality. When the buyers saw “Made in Manchester” written in bold on the label, they felt confident about buying the cloth.

(ii) Besides words and texts, they also carried images. Beautifully illustrated images of Indian Gods and Goddesses appeared on these labels. For example, images of Kartika, Laxmi, Saraswati were shown on imported cloth label.

(iii) Historic figures like those of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were used to create respect for the product. The image, the labels, the historic figures were intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people.

(iv) Manufacturers printed calendars to popularise their products calendars could be used ever by people who could not read. Advertisement could be seen day after day, throughout the year, when hung on the walls.

Q 15. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?

Ans. 1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.

 2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving.

 3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after losing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies.

 4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply.

Q 16. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.

Ans. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.

1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.

2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers.

Q 17. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Ans. Till the First World War, industrial growth in India was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. Manchester imports into India declined due to the war. The British factories became busy with producing things needed for the army. Indian mills now suddenly had a large market to supply. The long war made the Indian factories supply them with jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. Many workers were employed for longer hours. After the war Manchester goods lost their hold on the Indian market. British economy collapsed as it could not compete with the USA, Japan and its European rivals. The Indian industrialists captured the local market. Small scale industries prospered.

Q 18. What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?

Ans.:-1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.

 2. The fight is taking into the future.

 3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.

 MAIN POINTS FROM THE CHAPTER:

MANCHESTER COMES TO India

Q. Why there was a decline of textile exports from India-?
1.As the cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.They pressurised the govt. to impose import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing competition from outside.
--Industrialists persuaded the Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well. The export of cotton goods increased in the 19th c.
Q. What problems did the Indian weavers had to face when Manchester came to India?
Two problems were:
a)their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank being glutted with the Manchester imports.
--Produced goods by machines at the lower price, the imported goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
b) By 1860’s weavers faced a new problem, they could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
--When the American civil-war broke out & the cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India & as the exports increased the prices shot up.
--weavers in India were forced to buy the it at very high prices.
C) Factories in India began flooding the market with machine made goods.
FACTORIES THAT CAME UP IN INDIA.
--THE FIRST COTTON MILL THAT CAME UP IN India was in 1854.
--In 1855 in Bengal first jute mill emerged.
--in the north India the Elgin mill was set up in Kanpur in 1860.
--the first cotton mill came up in Ahemdabad in 1861.
--1874, first spinning & weaving Mill of Madras.
EARLY ENTREPRENEURS:
In the 18th c during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in this trade.
--having earned through this trade, some of these had a visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
--capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East & East Africa.
--there were others who were not directly involved in external trade but operated with in India carrying goods, transferring funds between cities, banking money & financing traders. When the opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up their industries.
Examples:
1. In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set up six joint stock companies in 1830,s & 40,s.
2. In Bombay Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India.
3. Seth Hukumchand , a Marwari businessman had set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, So did the father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D.Birla.

--When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became limited and they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and were to export only raw materials & food grains—raw cotton, opium, wheat & indigo were required by the Britishers. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
Q. Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing.
--In the most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants & workers who found no work in the village went to industrial centres.
(over 50% workers in Bombay cotton industryin 1911 came from the neighouring district of Ratangiri so was in the case of Kanpur Mills.)
--workers travelled great distances in the hope to get work in the Mills.

Q. Why getting jobs in the Mills was always difficult?
Getting jobs was always difficult (a) as number of job seekers was more than the jobs.
(b) entry into mills was restricted.
(c) Jobber ,started demanding money & gifts for getting them jobs.
Q. Who was a jobber?
Industrialist usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an old & trusted worker who got people from his villages, ensured them jobs, helped them settle and provided them money in the times of crisis.
PECULARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
EARLIER:
--European managing agencies dominated industrial production in India& they were interested in certain kinds of products.
--they established tea & coffee plantations, invested in mining, indigo and jute—most of these products were required for export and not for sale.
-- when Indian businessmen setting up their in 17thC, they avoided competition with Manchester goods.
-- yarn was not an important part of British imports & when yarn was imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by Indian weavers or was exported to china.
LATER:
With the 20thc series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization.
a) As Swadeshi movement gathered momentum people were mobilised to boycott foreign cloth
b) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests by pressuring the govt. to increase tariff protection & to grant concessions.
c) From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to china declined as the produce from the Chinese & Japanese mills flooded the Chinese markets and thus the industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
d) First World war created a new situation, with British Mills busy with war production to meet the needs of army , Manchester imports to India declined & suddenly Indian Mills had a vast home market to supply.
e) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse & mule saddles & a host of other items.
f) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for long hours.
Q. What was the impact of the First World War on the Manchester goods or the Company?
a) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian markets.
b) unable to modernize and compete with the US, Germany & Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war.
c) cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
d) within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
Small-scale industries predominate
Factory industries grew steadily and after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy.
--most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay, and over rest of the country small –scale production continued.
--only a small section of the industrial labour force worked in the registered factories.
The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alleys and by lanes.
--handicrafts & handloom production actually expanded in the 20th c.
--cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in 19thc , weavers survived despite problems.
Q Despite the cheap machine-made goods , wiped the spinning industry the weavers survived. How did this happen?
1.This was partly because of the Technological changes. Handicrafts people adopted a new technology that helped them to improve the production without pushing up the costs.
2.by the second decade of 20th c the weavers were using looms with a fly-shuttle, which increased their productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
3. there were several other innovations that helped the weavers improve their productivity and compete with the Mill sector.

WEAVERS:
There were two types of weavers one—rich and well to do and the others not so rich.

MARKET FOR GOODS
Q. What were different ways which Britishers used to advertise theirproducts?
When new products were produced people had to be persuaded to buy them .
1. One way to do this was through the advertisements.
ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENTS:
--They make products appear desireable and necessary.
--they try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
--they appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoarding, street walls, television screens.
--advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture.
2. When the Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India , they put ‘LABLES’ on the cloth bundles.
LABLES:
-- it was needed to the place of manufacture & the name of the company familiar to the buyer.
-- it was also to be the mark of quality.
-- when buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written on the lable they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
3.IMAGES:
The Lables did not only carry words or texts but they also carried images which were often very beautifully illustrated.
--the images ogf Gods & Goddesses regularly appeared on these lables.
--it was as if the association with the Gods gave divine approval to these goods .E xample: the printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intented to make the manufacture from foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian people.
4. PRINTING CALENDARS:
In the late 19th c Calendars were also printed to popularize the products.
--unlike the news papers& magazines the Calendars could also be used by the people who could not read.
--they were hung in tea shops & people’s home, offices and middle class apartments.
--in these Calendars also there were images of Gods & Goddesses to sell the products.
5. FIGURES OF IMPORTANT PERSONAGES & NAWABS:
--images of important personages, Nawabs adorned the advertisements & calendars which gave the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product and when the product was being used by the royal families its quality could not be questioned.
6. Indian manufacturers also advertised the nationalist message clear & loud. They said that if you care for your nation then buy the products that Indians produce.
--advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.
PACE OF INDUSTRIALISATION:
Was it a rapid process?
1.The most dynamic industries were that of Cotton & Metals. With the expansion of transport the demand for Iron & Steel increased.
2.The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the end of 19thc only 20% of total workforce were employed in technologically advanced industrial sector. Historians say that thr typical worker in mid 19thC was not machine operator but the traditional craft person & labourer.
--Textile was a dynamic sector but a large portion was being produced in the domestic units.
3.The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the steam-powered industries.
--ordinary &small innovations were the basis of the growth in many non-mechanised sectors as food-processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making & production of implements.
4. Technological changes were slow: it was because:
New technology was expensive & merchants were cautious of using it.
--machines often broke down and repair was costly.
--they were not as effective as were claimed.
Q. WHY WAS THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SLOW IN ENGLAND?
It was because in the Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants moved into the cities in search of jobs. So the industrialist had no problem in hiring them at low cost nor were they interested in introducing machines which required large capital investments.
2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal . For example Gas works & breweries were busy during the cold months, also the printing & book binders were busy at this time due to Christmas, ships were also repaired during this time.
--in all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialist usually preferred hand labour.
3. Range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
--machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardized goods for mass market but the demand for goods with intricate design and specific shapes.
4. The upper class-the aristocracies and bourgeoisie- preferred things produced by hands.
--handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class.
--they were better finished& carefully designed and were mainly for export.
5. In the countries with shortage of labour , industrialist were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimized.
LIFE OF WORKERS: (Negative effects of industrialization)
1--The abundance of the labour affected the lives of workers.
2--the news of jobs led many workers to travel to the cities but the actual possibility of jobs depended upon the existing network of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had connections, and they had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or in the ‘Night Refuges’ set up by private individuals and at ‘Casual Wards’ maintained by poor law authorities.
3.Seasonality of work meant prolonged period without work. Some returned to countryside and looked for odd jobs.
4. Wages were increased but not welfare of workers. As when the prices rose sharply after the Napoleonic wars wages of workers fell.
--It was the period when number of days determined the average daily income of the workers.
--about 10% of the population was extremely poor.
5. Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the technology.
As when Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry , women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines.
Positive results of industrialization:
1. Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
2. Roads were widened.
3. New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels dug up.
4. Drainage & sewers were laid, rivers embanked.

INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES—INDIA
--Before the age of industrialization silk& cotton goods onlydominated the international market in Textile.
--other countries produced only coarser cotton and finer varieties came from India.
--the Amercian merchants took goods from Punjab to Afganisthan, eastern Persia& Central Asia and the Bales of fine cotton were carried on camel back via the NWFP, through mountain passes across deserts.
--sea trade operated through the per-colonial ports—Surat on Gujrat coast connected India to the Gulf & Red sea ports; Masaulipatnam on the Coromandel coast &Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with the South-east Asian ports.
EARLIER:
--A variety of Indian & merchants bankers were involved in the export trade-Financing production, carrying goods & supplying exporters.
--Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions-they gave advances to weavers, procured woven cloth & carried supply to the ports.
--at the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
--by 1750 this network was breaking down.
COMING OF THE NEW COMPANIES:
The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade.
--this resulted in the decline of old ports of SURAT &HOOGLY.
--exports from these ports fell dramatically, credit that had financed earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
--while Surat & Hoogly decayed BOMBAY & CALCUTTA grew.
--trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in their ships.
-- those who wanted to survive had to now operate within the network shaped by European trading companies.
Q. How did the expansion of the British industries in India affect the Weavers?
1. INITIALLY THE INDIAN INDUSTRIES DID NOT DECLINE as the Britishers cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand.So the company was kenn on expanding the textile exports from India.
2. Before establishing political power in India-Bengal & Canatic in 1760s&1770s, the Company found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
--the Dutch, the Portuguese as well as local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth.
--so the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best buyer.
3. once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate the competition, control cost & ensure regular supplies.