Q1. What is meant by the Proto industrialisation? Discuss any four features of this
period.
Ans. Even before
factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe; there was a
large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was
not based on factories. This phase is referred to as the proto
industrialisation. The proto industrial system was a part of a network of
commercial exchanges. Merchants controlled it and goods were produced by a vast
number of producers within their family farms, not in factories.
1. Large-scale production for the
international market due to the acquisition of colonies in parts of world and
expansion of world trade.
2. Merchants could not expand
production within towns. This was because here urban crafts
and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside,
where they employed poor peasants and artisans household and supplied them
money to produce goods.
3. It also allowed them full use of
their family labor resources in the houses and not in the factories. Rural
people could now supplement their shrinking incomes from cultivation from small
land holdings.
4. A close relationship developed
between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but work
was done in the countryside.
Q2. Define the
following:
1. Proto – Indicating
the first or early form of something
2. Stapler – A person
who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fiber.
3. Fuller – A person
who ‘fills’, that is, gathers-cloth by pleading
4. Carding – The
process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.
Q3. Why was there a boom in the production of cotton in the 19th century?
Ans. The first symbol of
the new era was cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.
In 1960, Britain was importing 2.5 Million pounds of raw cotton to feed its
cotton industry. By 1787, this import soared to 22 Million Pounds. This
increase was linked to a number of changes within the process of
industrialization.
1. A series of
inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the
production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling)
2. They enhanced
the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made
possible the production of stronger threads and yarn (better quality). Then
Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill.
3. Now, the
costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.
Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and
management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production
process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labor, all of which had
been difficult in the countryside.
4. Invention of
new technology like steam, power, machines, etc, also helped to bring boom in
the production.
Q4. Why did some
industrialists in the 19th century in Europe prefer hand labor
to machines?
Ans. Some industrialists
in 19th century in Europe preferred hand labor to machines
because:
1. In England,
there was plenty of labor, thus wages were low. So, industrialists had no problem
of labor shortage or high wage costs.
2. They did not
want to introduce machines that got rid of human labor and required large
capital investments.
3. In many
industries like bookbinding, printing etc, the demand of labor was seasonal.
Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. In all
such industries where production fluctuated with the season industrialists
usually preferred hand labor employing workers for the season.
4. A range of
products could be produced only with hand labor. Machines were oriented to
producing uniforms, standardized goods for the mass market. But in the demand
in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.
5. In Victorian
Britain the upper class – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred
things produced by hand. Hand made products came to symbolize refinement and
class. They were better finished individually procured and carefully designed.
Q5. What
were Trade Guilds? In what ways they were powerful in the towns of
England?
Ans. Merchants could not expand production
within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.
1. These
were associations of producers that trained crafts people.
2. They
maintained control over production.
3. They
regulated competition and prices.
4. They
restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
5. Rulers
granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific
products.
6. It
was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in town.
Q6. How did Industrialization affect people’s lives?
Ans. 1. When
open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, cottagers and
poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival,
gathering their firewood, berries, vegetable, hay and straw, had to now look
for alternate sources of income.
2. Many had tiny plots of land,
which could not provide work to all members of the household. So when merchants
came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households
eagerly agreed.
3. By working for the merchants,
they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small
ploys. Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking
income from cultivation.
4. With the possibility of new
jobs, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job
depended on existing networks of friendship and Kin relations that are they
were not sure of getting jobs.
5. Many jobs seekers had to wait
weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in the
night refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to Casual
wards maintained by the Poor law authorities.
6. Also, there was a fear of
unemployment due to seasonality.
Q7. Name one
inventions devised in 1764 which speeded up the spinning process. Who invented
it? How did it affect the lives of the workers in general?
Ans.1. Spinning
Jenny- Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, these machines speeded up the
spinning process and reduced labor demand. By turning one single wheel a worker
could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same
time.
2. When the Spinning Jenny was
introduced in the woolen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began
attacking the new machines because many women became unemployed and lost their
way of earning.
3. This conflict over the
introduction of the Jenny continued for a long time.
Q8. Why is the period up
to 1750 A.D before the Machine Age called ‘ Age of Indian textiles’?
A8.
1. India
dominated the international market in textiles- both silk and cotton.
2. Finer
varieties of cotton often came from India while many countries produced coarser
cotton.
3. The
control of land trade routes enabled American and Persian merchants took the
goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia (from passes
and deserts)
4. A
vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports likes Surat on
Gujarat coast, Masulipatnam on Coromandel Coast, Hoogly in Bengal, which had a
flourishing trade link with south East Asian and Gulf countries.
5. Organized
networks of Indian textile export trade activities by a variety of Indian
export and supply merchants, big shippers and brokers, suppliers of raw
materials and finished goods, farmers, weavers, bankers and financiers of
production. The weaving villages in the inland regions were well connected by
these people with the ports in this cabin.
Q9. How did the
English East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles
from Indian weavers?
OR
How did the English
East India Company successfully establish monopoly over Indian textile trade?
Ans. 1. By
establishing political power, the English East India Company could assert the
monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that
would eliminate competition with the existing traders. It would also control
costs and ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk goods.
2. By fighting competition, they
established direct contact with weavers through gomasthas who collected
supplies, examined quality, supervised weavers, often physically punishing
weavers.
3. It prevented the weavers from dealing
with other brokers and buyers through a system of advances. The loans tied the
weavers to Gomasthas as they could only supply to him.
4. As loans flowed that in and
demand for fine textiles expanded weavers eagerly took the advances. Now they
leased out their lands and the whole family devoted all their time to weaving.
5. The weavers lost space to
bargain for prices and were forced to accept the miserably low prices offered
by the Company. In some places, they revolted and went back to agricultural
labor.
Q10. How rapid was the
process of Industrialisation?
Ans. 1. The
most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a
rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector that is the first phase of
industrialisation up to 1840’s.
2. After that the iron and steel
industry led the way. With the expansion of railways (England-from 1840’s,
colonies- 1860’s), the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873,
Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about ₤ 77 million, double the
value of its cotton export.
3. The new industries could not
easily displace traditional industries. Textiles were a dynamic sector, but a
large position of the output was produced not with the factories, but outside,
within domestic units. (By end of 19th century less than 20% of
the total workfare was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors)
4. The pace of change in the ‘
traditional’ industries was not set by steam- powered cotton or metal
industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly
ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many mechanised
sectors such as food processing, pottery, glasswork etc.
5. Technological changes occurred
slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New
technology was expensive and people were cautious about using it. Machines of
ten broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their
inventors and manufactures claimed.
Q11.
What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India?
Ans: i) It ruined the cloth
industry in India because the Manchester cloth was both cheap showy and
durable.
ii) The weavers were forced to give up their
ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to work as
labourers in urban areas.
Q12. Explain the meaning of term ‘Industrial
Revolution’.
Ans: The term ‘Industrial
Revolution’ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized
the technique and organization of production in the latter
half of the 18th century. The Industrial Revolution in face replaced the
domestic system, by the new ‘factory system’. In place of animal and manual
power, new machines and steam-power were used for producing things. This
revolution replaced the cottage industry by the factories, the handwork by the
machine-work and the craftsmen and the artists by the capitalist and the
factory-owners.
Q 13. Explain the factors responsible for the
Industrial Revolution in England.
Or
Give reasons why Industrial Revolution started
first of all in England.
Or
Explain those factors which were responsible for
the Industrial Revolution in England.
Ans: The Industrial
Revolution began in England in the later half of the 18th century as favourable
conditions for such a development were present there:
1) Men like Walpole, who was a great economist,
encouraged the foreign trade which brought more and more wealth to England. The
British traders had thus accumulated sufficient capital that was needed to
establish new factories.
2) England had plenty of natural resources like
iron and coal which are essential for industries.
3) England had established many new colonies
from where they could easily get cheat raw-materials and which could also serve
as best markets for finished goods.
4) England had developed a large shipping
industry which solved their problem of transporting things to distant lands.
Q14. How did the British manufacturers attempt to take
over the Indian market with the help of advertisements? Explain with three
examples.
OR
Explain four ways that helped the British to take over the
Indian market with the help of advertisements.
Ans. (i) When
Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the
cloth bundles. The label served two purposes. One was to make the place of
manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the people. The second was
that the label was also a mark of quality. When the buyers saw “Made in
Manchester” written in bold on the label, they felt confident about buying the
cloth.
(ii) Besides words and texts, they also carried images.
Beautifully illustrated images of Indian Gods and Goddesses appeared on these
labels. For example, images of Kartika, Laxmi, Saraswati were shown on imported
cloth label.
(iii) Historic figures like those of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were
used to create respect for the product. The image, the labels, the historic
figures were intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear
somewhat familiar to Indian people.
(iv) Manufacturers printed calendars to popularise their
products calendars could be used ever by people who could not read.
Advertisement could be seen day after day, throughout the year, when hung on
the walls.
Q 15. Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers?
Ans. 1. No chance of bargaining –
The weavers lost any chance of bargaining.
2. Leasing
of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all
their time to weaving.
3. Dependency
for food on others – most of the weavers after losing their land became
dependent on other for the food supplies.
4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas
acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for
delay in supply.
Q 16. Who was a jobber? Explain his functions.
Ans. Industrialists
usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker.
1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them
settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis.
2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began
demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the
lives of workers.
Q 17. Why did industrial production in India increase during the
First World War?
Ans. Till the First World War, industrial growth in India was
slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. Manchester imports into
India declined due to the war. The British factories became busy with producing
things needed for the army. Indian mills now suddenly had a large market to
supply. The long war made the Indian factories supply them with jute bags,
cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a
host of other items. Many workers were employed for longer hours. After the war
Manchester goods lost their hold on the Indian market. British economy
collapsed as it could not compete with the USA, Japan and its European rivals.
The Indian industrialists captured the local market. Small scale industries
prospered.
Q 18. What does the
picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’?
Ans.:-1. There is an
angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently
perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time.
2. The fight is taking into the future.
3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway,
Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory.
MAIN POINTS FROM THE CHAPTER:
MANCHESTER COMES TO India
Q. Why there was a decline of textile exports from India-?
1.As the cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began
worrying about imports from other countries.They pressurised the govt. to
impose import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in
Britain without facing competition from outside.
--Industrialists persuaded the Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian
market as well. The export of cotton goods increased in the 19th c.
Q. What problems did the Indian weavers had to face when Manchester came to
India?
Two problems were:
a)their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank being glutted
with the Manchester imports.
--Produced goods by machines at the lower price, the imported goods were so
cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
b) By 1860’s weavers faced a new problem, they could not get sufficient supply
of raw cotton of good quality.
--When the American civil-war broke out & the cotton supplies from the US
were cut off, Britain turned to India & as the exports increased the prices
shot up.
--weavers in India were forced to buy the it at very high prices.
C) Factories in India began flooding the market with machine made goods.
FACTORIES THAT CAME UP IN INDIA.
--THE FIRST COTTON MILL THAT CAME UP IN India was in 1854.
--In 1855 in Bengal first jute mill emerged.
--in the north India the Elgin mill was set up in Kanpur in 1860.
--the first cotton mill came up in Ahemdabad in 1861.
--1874, first spinning & weaving Mill of Madras.
EARLY ENTREPRENEURS:
In the 18th c during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in
this trade.
--having earned through this trade, some of these had a visions of developing
industrial enterprises in India.
--capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from
Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East & East
Africa.
--there were others who were not directly involved in external trade but
operated with in India carrying goods, transferring funds between cities,
banking money & financing traders. When the opportunities of investment in
industries opened up, many of them set up their industries.
Examples:
1. In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set up six joint stock companies in
1830,s & 40,s.
2. In Bombay Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built
huge industrial empires in India.
3. Seth Hukumchand , a Marwari businessman had set up the first Indian jute
mill in Calcutta in 1917, So did the father and grandfather of the famous
industrialist G.D.Birla.
--When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became
limited and they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and
were to export only raw materials & food grains—raw cotton, opium, wheat
& indigo were required by the Britishers. They were also gradually edged
out of the shipping business.
Q. Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing.
--In the most industrial regions workers came from the districts around.
Peasants & workers who found no work in the village went to industrial
centres.
(over 50% workers in Bombay cotton industryin 1911 came from the neighouring
district of Ratangiri so was in the case of Kanpur Mills.)
--workers travelled great distances in the hope to get work in the Mills.
Q. Why getting jobs in the Mills was always difficult?
Getting jobs was always difficult (a) as number of job seekers was more
than the jobs.
(b) entry into mills was restricted.
(c) Jobber ,started demanding money & gifts for getting them jobs.
Q. Who was a jobber?
Industrialist usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an
old & trusted worker who got people from his villages, ensured them jobs,
helped them settle and provided them money in the times of crisis.
PECULARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
EARLIER:
--European managing agencies dominated industrial production in India& they
were interested in certain kinds of products.
--they established tea & coffee plantations, invested in mining, indigo and
jute—most of these products were required for export and not for sale.
-- when Indian businessmen setting up their in 17thC, they avoided competition
with Manchester goods.
-- yarn was not an important part of British imports & when yarn was
imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning
mills was used by Indian weavers or was exported to china.
LATER:
With the 20thc series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization.
a) As Swadeshi movement gathered momentum people were mobilised to boycott
foreign cloth
b) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests
by pressuring the govt. to increase tariff protection & to grant
concessions.
c) From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to china declined as the produce from
the Chinese & Japanese mills flooded the Chinese markets and thus the
industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
d) First World war created a new situation, with British Mills busy with war
production to meet the needs of army , Manchester imports to India declined
& suddenly Indian Mills had a vast home market to supply.
e) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply jute bags,
cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse & mule saddles
& a host of other items.
f) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for long hours.
Q. What was the impact of the First World War on the Manchester goods or the
Company?
a) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian markets.
b) unable to modernize and compete with the US, Germany & Japan, the
economy of Britain crumbled after the war.
c) cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell
dramatically.
d) within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their
position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
Small-scale industries predominate
Factory industries grew steadily and after the war large industries formed only
a small segment of the economy.
--most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay, and over rest of the country
small –scale production continued.
--only a small section of the industrial labour force worked in the registered
factories.
The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alleys
and by lanes.
--handicrafts & handloom production actually expanded in the 20th c.
--cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in 19thc , weavers
survived despite problems.
Q Despite the cheap machine-made goods , wiped the spinning industry the
weavers survived. How did this happen?
1.This was partly because of the Technological changes. Handicrafts people
adopted a new technology that helped them to improve the production without
pushing up the costs.
2.by the second decade of 20th c the weavers were using looms with a
fly-shuttle, which increased their productivity per worker, speeded up
production and reduced labour demand.
3. there were several other innovations that helped the weavers improve their
productivity and compete with the Mill sector.
WEAVERS:
There were two types of weavers one—rich and well to do and the others not so
rich.
MARKET FOR GOODS
Q. What were different ways which Britishers used to advertise theirproducts?
When new products were produced people had to be persuaded to buy them .
1. One way to do this was through the advertisements.
ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENTS:
--They make products appear desireable and necessary.
--they try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
--they appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoarding, street walls, television
screens.
--advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and
in shaping a new consumer culture.
2. When the Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India , they
put ‘LABLES’ on the cloth bundles.
LABLES:
-- it was needed to the place of manufacture & the name of the company
familiar to the buyer.
-- it was also to be the mark of quality.
-- when buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written on the lable they were expected
to feel confident about buying the cloth.
3.IMAGES:
The Lables did not only carry words or texts but they also carried images which
were often very beautifully illustrated.
--the images ogf Gods & Goddesses regularly appeared on these lables.
--it was as if the association with the Gods gave divine approval to these
goods .E xample: the printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intented to
make the manufacture from foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian
people.
4. PRINTING CALENDARS:
In the late 19th c Calendars were also printed to popularize the products.
--unlike the news papers& magazines the Calendars could also be used by the
people who could not read.
--they were hung in tea shops & people’s home, offices and middle class
apartments.
--in these Calendars also there were images of Gods & Goddesses to sell the
products.
5. FIGURES OF IMPORTANT PERSONAGES & NAWABS:
--images of important personages, Nawabs adorned the advertisements &
calendars which gave the message that if you respect the royal figure, then
respect this product and when the product was being used by the royal families
its quality could not be questioned.
6. Indian manufacturers also advertised the nationalist message clear &
loud. They said that if you care for your nation then buy the products that
Indians produce.
--advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.
PACE
OF INDUSTRIALISATION:
Was it a rapid process?
1.The most dynamic industries were that of Cotton & Metals. With the
expansion of transport the demand for Iron & Steel increased.
2.The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the
end of 19thc only 20% of total workforce were employed in technologically
advanced industrial sector. Historians say that thr typical worker in mid 19thC
was not machine operator but the traditional craft person & labourer.
--Textile was a dynamic sector but a large portion was being produced in the
domestic units.
3.The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the
steam-powered industries.
--ordinary &small innovations were the basis of the growth in many
non-mechanised sectors as food-processing, building, pottery, glass work,
tanning, furniture making & production of implements.
4. Technological changes were slow: it was because:
New technology was expensive & merchants were cautious of using it.
--machines often broke down and repair was costly.
--they were not as effective as were claimed.
Q. WHY WAS THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SLOW IN ENGLAND?
It was because in the Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human
labour. Poor peasants moved into the cities in search of jobs. So the
industrialist had no problem in hiring them at low cost nor were they
interested in introducing machines which required large capital investments.
2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal . For example Gas
works & breweries were busy during the cold months, also the printing &
book binders were busy at this time due to Christmas, ships were also repaired
during this time.
--in all such industries where production fluctuated with the season,
industrialist usually preferred hand labour.
3. Range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
--machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardized goods for mass
market but the demand for goods with intricate design and specific shapes.
4. The upper class-the aristocracies and bourgeoisie- preferred things produced
by hands.
--handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class.
--they were better finished& carefully designed and were mainly for export.
5. In the countries with shortage of labour , industrialist were keen on using
mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimized.
LIFE OF WORKERS: (Negative effects of industrialization)
1--The abundance of the labour affected the lives of workers.
2--the news of jobs led many workers to travel to the cities but the actual
possibility of jobs depended upon the existing network of friendship and kin
relations. But not everyone had connections, and they had to wait for weeks,
spending nights under bridges or in the ‘Night Refuges’ set up by private
individuals and at ‘Casual Wards’ maintained by poor law authorities.
3.Seasonality of work meant prolonged period without work. Some returned to
countryside and looked for odd jobs.
4. Wages were increased but not welfare of workers. As when the prices rose
sharply after the Napoleonic wars wages of workers fell.
--It was the period when number of days determined the average daily income of
the workers.
--about 10% of the population was extremely poor.
5. Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the technology.
As when Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry , women who
survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines.
Positive results of industrialization:
1. Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater
opportunities of employment.
2. Roads were widened.
3. New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels dug
up.
4. Drainage & sewers were laid, rivers embanked.
INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES—INDIA
--Before the age of industrialization silk& cotton goods onlydominated the
international market in Textile.
--other countries produced only coarser cotton and finer varieties came from
India.
--the Amercian merchants took goods from Punjab to Afganisthan, eastern
Persia& Central Asia and the Bales of fine cotton were carried on camel
back via the NWFP, through mountain passes across deserts.
--sea trade operated through the per-colonial ports—Surat on Gujrat coast
connected India to the Gulf & Red sea ports; Masaulipatnam on the
Coromandel coast &Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with the South-east
Asian ports.
EARLIER:
--A variety of Indian & merchants bankers were involved in the export
trade-Financing production, carrying goods & supplying exporters.
--Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions-they gave
advances to weavers, procured woven cloth & carried supply to the ports.
--at the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated
the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
--by 1750 this network was breaking down.
COMING OF THE NEW COMPANIES:
The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of
concessions from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade.
--this resulted in the decline of old ports of SURAT &HOOGLY.
--exports from these ports fell dramatically, credit that had financed earlier
trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
--while Surat & Hoogly decayed BOMBAY & CALCUTTA grew.
--trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in
their ships.
-- those who wanted to survive had to now operate within the network shaped by
European trading companies.
Q. How did the expansion of the British industries in India affect the
Weavers?
1. INITIALLY THE INDIAN INDUSTRIES DID NOT DECLINE as the Britishers cotton
industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great
demand.So the company was kenn on expanding the textile exports from India.
2. Before establishing political power in India-Bengal & Canatic in
1760s&1770s, the Company found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of
goods for export.
--the Dutch, the Portuguese as well as local traders competed in the market to
secure woven cloth.
--so the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best
buyer.
3. once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to
trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate the
competition, control cost & ensure regular supplies.
Q.
Define the term 'Democratic Reform'.
